Best moments of 2011 in sports
Saturday, December 31, 2011
Wednesday, December 28, 2011
The term metadata is an ambiguous term
The term metadata is an ambiguous term which is used for two fundamentally different concepts (types). Although the expression "data about data" is often used, it does not apply to both in the same way. Structural metadata, the design and specification of data structures, cannot be about data, because at design time the application contains no data. In this case the correct description would be "data about the containers of data". Descriptive metadata, on the other hand, is about individual instances of application data, the data content. In this case, a useful description (resulting in a disambiguating neologism) would be "data about data contents" or "content about content" thus metacontent. Descriptive, Guide and the National Information Standards Organization concept of administrative metadata are all subtypes of metacontent.
Metadata (metacontent) is traditionally found in the card catalogs of libraries. As information has become increasingly digital, metadata is also used to describe digital data using metadata standardsspecific to a particular discipline. By describing the contents and context of data files, the quality of the original data/files is greatly increased. For example, a webpage may include metadata specifying what language it's written in, what tools were used to create it, and where to go for more on the subject, allowing browsers to automatically improve the experience of users.
What is Cloud Storage?
What is Cloud Storage?
The IT industry (manufacturers) sometimes gets ahead of itself. Time
and again it's guilty of introducing a technology, generating an
enormous amount of discussion, and then moving on before the actual
implementors, (IT professionals) get a chance to really understand it.
Cloud storage is one of these cases, where many IT professionals are
still asking "what is cloud storage and how should I use it?".
Cloud storage means different things to different people depending on
how it's implemented. The most common implementation is a 'public
cloud', which is essentially storage capacity accessed through the
internet or a wide area network (WAN) connection, and purchased on an
as-needed basis. Users can expand capacity almost without limit, by
contacting the provider, which typically operates a highly scalable
storage infrastructure, sometimes in physically dispersed locations.
Wednesday, November 18, 2009
This expansion ability drives a common expectation that cloud
providers have massive storage infrastructures. As a result most cloud
storage hardware and software systems developers have also focused on
scalability and ease of management. A grid architecture is common,
with storage being made up of clusters of individual servers or nodes
that are coupled together to present a single storage area or single
management point.
This clustering can take two forms, either tightly coupled or loosely
coupled. In tightly coupled clusters, identical, or very similar nodes
are combined to form a single storage pool or file system with
centralized execution of storage functions. Loosely coupled clusters,
on the other hand, can be largely dissimilar nodes coupled together by
a global file system with storage functions being individually
executed across the nodes. Each has their pros and cons and will be
detailed in an upcoming Storage Switzerland article.
The interface to the cloud storage is what the storage manager or the
user will see. This is typically some sort of appliance or software
application that runs locally and then sends data to the cloud. It can
be as simple as presenting a file interface to the cloud storage area,
meaning that it looks like a network mounted drive or it could be
integrated into a backup or archive application.
Cloud storage is a new distribution model, however, with the potential
for economies of scale. Aside from cost, its benefits are outsourced
operation, simple, unlimited growth and 'enterprise' features for
smaller users - like high availability, security, data protection,
etc.
Finally, there is a lot of discussion about the second implementation,
internal or 'private clouds'. This essentially is taking the
capabilities of a public storage cloud, like scalability and cost
effectiveness, and bringing them to the large data center. The use
case could be to create a cloud storage-like service for the
organization that can be accessed from anywhere or it could be as
simple as leveraging a cloud storage solution to build a highly
scalable, easy-to-use NAS.
With the infrastructure in place the next logical question is "what
are the best uses for this storage platform - archive, backup,
collaboration?". This is something that we'll examine in the next
article.
Cloud storage
Cloud storage is a model of networked online storage where data is stored on virtualized pools of storage which are generally hosted by third parties. Hosting companies operate large data centers; and people who require their data to be hosted buy or lease storage capacity from them and use it for their storage needs. The data center operators, in the background, virtualize the resources according to the requirements of the customer and expose them as storage pools, which the customers can themselves use to store files or data objects. Physically, the resource may span across multiple servers.
Cloud storage services may be accessed through a web service application programming interface (API), or through a Web-based user interface.
Data Integrity
Data Integrity in its broadest meaning refers to the trustworthiness of system resources over their entire life cycle. In more analytic terms, it is "the representational faithfulness of information to the true state of the object that the information represents, where representational faithfulness is composed of four essential qualities or core attributes: completeness, currency/timeliness, accuracy/correctness and validity/authorization.The concept of business rules is already widely used nowadays and is subdivided into six categories which include data rules. Data is further subdivided Data Integrity Rules, data sourcing rules, data extraction rules, data transformation rules and data deployment rules.
Data Integrity is very important in database operations in particular and Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence in general. Because Data Integrity ensured that data is of high quality, correct, consistent and accessible, in is important to follow rules governing Data Integrity.
A Data Value Rule or Conditional Data Value Rule specifies data domains. The difference between the two is that the former specifies the domain of allowable values for a data attribute which applies to all situation while the latter does not apply to all situations but only when there exceptions or certain conditions that applies.
Data Structure Rule defines that cardinality of data for a data relation in cases where there are no conditions of exceptions which apply. This rule makes data structure very easy to understand. A conditional data structure rule is slightly different in that is governs when conditions or exceptions apply on data cardinality for a data relation.
A Data Derivation Rule specifies the how a data value is derived based on algorithm, contributors and conditions. It also specifies the conditions on how the data value could be re-derived.
A Data Retention Rule specifies the length of time of data values which can be retained in a particular database. It is specifies what can be done with data values when its use for a database expires A data occurrence retention rule specifies the length of time the data occurrence is retained and what can be done with data when it is no longer useful. A data attribute retention rule is similar to a data retention rule but the data attribute retention rule only applies to specific data values rather than the entire data occurrence.
These Data Integrity Rules, like any other rules, are totally without meaning when they are not implemented and enforced.
In order to achieve Data Integrity, these rules should be consistently and routinely applied to all data which are entering the Data Warehouse or any Data Resource for that matter. There should be no waivers or exceptions for the enforcement of these rules because any slight relaxation of enforcement could mean a tremendous error result.
As much as possible, these Data Integrity Rules must be implemented in as close to the initial capture of data so that early detection and correction of potential breach of integrity can be taken action. This can greatly prevent errors and inconsistencies from entering the database.
With strict implementation and enforcement of these Data Integrity Rules, data error rates could be much lower so less time is spent on trying to troubleshoot and trace faulty computing results. This translates to savings from manpower expense.
Since there is low error rate, there can only be high quality data that can be had to provide better support in the statistical analysis, trend and pattern spotting, and decision making tasks of a company. In today's digital age, information one major key to success and having the right information means having better edge over the competitors.
Monday, December 26, 2011
Holy Gita verdict is waiting in Russia.........
this article from
http://www.pravasitoday.com/holy-gita-waiting-for-verdict-in-russia...............
http://www.pravasitoday.com/holy-gita-waiting-for-verdict-in-russia...............
Not only 15,000 strong Indian community and 0.1 million strong ISKCON
community in Russia but also the Russian citizens, in general, are
stunned and waiting for the Tomsk court's verdict over a plea to ban
the Holy Gita
The Russian version of Prabhupada's commentary on Gita 'Bhagwad Gita
As It is' has been read, chanted and quoted there since the last two
decades. As a favourite with Leo Tolstoy, the Indian holy book Gita
has always been respectfully reviewed by the Russian scholars. Not
only Gita but Indian scriptures, in general, are accepted and studied
with keen interest by the Russians. Pushkin imbibed love for Ramayana
while Tatyana Elizerankova, the famous Russian Indologist, was drawn
to Vedas. Therefore a citizen of Russia is not able to understand the
logic behind litigation to ban Gita moved in a Siberian city Tomsk in
June 2011 which is moved by the Tomsk Public Prosecutor Victor
Fyodotovo at the persuasion of local church.
It is really cumbersome even to believe that there might be any reason
to ban the Bhagavad Gita or its translation which is most widely read
throughout the world. Gita's 80 million copies in 80 languages are, at
present, covering the entire Earth surface. 'Not just a book, truly
the life' has been the expression of eminent personalities like
Einstein and Schopenhauer for Gita. Then how it is extremist
literature and calls for hostile activities against any social or
religious group, this self originating question nowadays have inspired
many people to read Gita and particularly ponder over the passage from
Prabhupada's 'Bhagavad Gita As It Is' quoted in the complaint, which
is as follows –
"Those who, out of envy, disregard these teachings and do not practise
them regularly are to be considered bereft of all knowledge, befooled
and doomed to ignorance and bondage."
The Tomsk court was set to pronounce its final verdict on 19th
December 2011 in this case. But verdict pronouncement has been
suspended till 28th December. Earlier too, the hearing was postponed
as the judge Galina Butenko observed that the evidence cited was
insufficient for the case and referred the matter to experts from the
Kemerovo State University.
The Hindu studies expert Boris Falikov feels that the charge was
absurd and says, "The translation and comments made by Swami
Prabhupada was called extremist because the quotes were taken out of
context." According to him the plea to ban Gita has no scientific
foundation and using such a nonscientific approach, somebody can call
the Quran or the Bible extremist literature.
Here, in India, the Mumbai High Court hearing public interest
litigation has asked central government to consider representation in
Russia regarding Gita ban case and External Affairs Minister SM
Krishna, on 20th December, assured Parliament that India has asked
Russia to resolve the Bhagavad Gita controversy. The same day Russia
expressed sadness over the move to ban Gita in Siberia.
"Russia, as it is known to anyone, is a secular and democratic country
where all religions enjoy equal respect. Even more applicable it is to
the holy scriptures of various faiths – whether it is the Bible,
Quran, Torah, Avesta or, of course, Gita – the great source of wisdom
for the people of India and the world," Alexander M Kadakin, Russian
Ambassador in India, said in a statement here.
Kadakin expressd wonder, "It is not normal when religious books are
sent for examination to ignorant people. Their academic scrutiny
should be done at scientists' forums, congresses, seminars etc. but
not in courts." He opined firmly, "I consider it categorically
inadmissible when any holy scripture is taken to the courts."
Whatever be, now, when the hearing over the "inadmissible" petition is
almost complete, the entire world is curiously waiting for the Tomsk
court verdict on Gita ban case set to be pronounced on 28th December.
Wednesday, December 21, 2011
The Top 10 Best Laptops
The Top 10 Best Laptops
this is from : http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369981,00.asp
Asus Zenbook UX31-RSL8
The Asus Zenbook UX31-RSL8 is the clear leader in the nascent ultrabook category, with better overall performance and battery life than any competitor. It also has a brilliant display, superb sound, and solid construction.
HP Pavilion dv7-6163cl
The HP Pavilion dv7-6163cl supplies quad-core performance, switchable graphics, booming audio, and a sleek aluminum chassis at a fair price, making it the affordable media center laptop to beat.
Apple MacBook Pro 15-inch (Late 2011)
The Apple MacBook Pro 15-inch gets new hardware and software, including a quad-core Intel Core i7 processor, AMD Radeon GPU, and OS X Lion, while keeping everything that works well, like the thin and stylish unibody design.
Asus U56E-BBL6
The Asus U56E-BBL6 budget laptop has all the desired features, including a fast Core i5 processor, cutting-edge features, and best-in-class battery life, sold for a price few can pass up.
Acer Travelmate 8481T-6440
What little the Acer Travelmate 8481T-6440 business laptop gives up in horsepower, it gains back with a sleek, ultrabook-like design (low volt processor requires fewer clunky cooling fans) and over 11 hours of battery life.
Lenovo IdeaPad V570-1066AJU
The Lenovo IdeaPad V570-1066AJU offers excellent performance and a good feature set, for a price few can pass up
Lenovo ThinkPad X220 Tablet
The Lenovo ThinkPad X220 takes top honors among tablet PCs, combining choice aspects of a capable ultraportable business laptop with a multitouch Windows tablet.
Dell Inspiron 14z (Core i5)
Aside from a few minor annoyances, the Dell Inspiron 14z (Core i5) is a stylish, powerful, and battery-efficient mainstream laptop.
Lenovo ThinkPad T420s
The Lenovo ThinkPad T420s is an amazing device when you realize that its power, feature set, and battery yields are usually found in much heavier laptops.
Apple MacBook Air 13-inch (Thunderbolt)
The Apple MacBook Air 13-inch (Thunderbolt) is a formidable player in the ultraportable space, thanks to a Core i5 processor, backlit keyboard, and Thunderbolt port.
Monday, December 19, 2011
Type 'Let It Snow' on Google for a Pleasant Surprise...!
Type 'Let It Snow' on Google for a Pleasant Surprise
Search giant Google has added a seasonal touch to its search engine, where all of a sudden a snow storm hits the screen on typing 'let it snow'.
Type "Let It Snow" in Google search and you can see Snowflakes will fall from the top of your screen and slowly cover Google's search results with a light coating of snow.
Use your cursor as an ice scraper to draw in the "frosted glass" effect, or click on the search "Defrost" button for resetting the screen.
Previously, Google used similar type of tricks for words like Gravity, Askew, Chuck Norris , ASCII, Flight simulator etc............
source:
http://www.currentweek.net/2011/12/type-let-it-snow-on-google-for-pleasant.html
Friday, December 16, 2011
Thursday, December 15, 2011
Transient response of a simple RC circuit
The switch is closed at time=0. After the switch is closed, the
voltage on the capacitor changes from its initial value to a value
that aproaches Vb in an exponential manner.
The following equations describe the voltage change with regard to time.
Vc(t) = Vb + (Vc(0) - Vb)e^(-t/T)
T = RC
Where:
C Is the value of the capacitor in farads.
e is 2.718 (you knew that, right? :-) )
R Is the value of the resistor in ohms.
t Is the time in seconds after the switch is closed.
T Is actually Tau, but that's not in ASCII
It is the time constant, the product of R and C
Vb Is the voltage supplied by the voltage source.
In this case, the battery symbol represents an ideal
voltage source.
Vc(t) Is the voltage across the capacitor at the specified time.
The GDSII Stream Format
Initially, GDSII was designed as a format used to control integrated
circuit photomask plotting. Despite its limited set of features and
low data density, it became the industry conventional format for
transfer of IC layout data between design tools of different vendors,
all of which operated with proprietary data formats.
It was originally developed by Calma for its layout design software,
"Graphic Data System" ("GDS") and "GDSII". Now the format is owned by
Cadence Design Systems.
GDS II files are usually the final output product of the IC design
cycle and are given to IC foundries for IC fabrication. GDS II files
were originally placed on magnetic tapes. This moment was fittingly
called tape out though it is not the original root of the term.
Objects contained in a GDSII file are grouped by assigning numeric
attributes to them including a "layer number", "datatype" or
"texttype". While these attributes were designed to correspond to the
"layers of material" used in manufacturing an integrated circuit,
their meaning rapidly became more abstract to reflect the way that the
physical layout is designed.
As of October 2004, many EDA software vendors have begun to support a
new format, OASIS, which may replace GDSII.
CTS Latest Fresher Job Placement Paper
CTS Latest Fresher Job Placement Paper: 26 November 2011
CTS
Company Name : CTS
Type : Fresher
Job Interview Paper: It is the off-campus drive conducted for 2011
pass outs at CMR Engineering College at hyderabad. All the candidates
are divided according to the batches and i had took written at 8AM.
It Consists of Two Sections:
Analytical
Verbal
Analytical is easy and can be done easy by practicing RSagarwal but
verbal is pretty tough so u need to do hard work on verbal. The
pattern goes like this........
Directions for Question 1: Given below are four figures, of which
three are similar and the fourth one is different. Find the odd
figure.
1)
A) /
B) ~
C) //
D) ///
Directions for Question 2 & 3: Each question has two statements and
some conclusions. Choose the conclusion that logically follows:
2) Some men are weird. Some weird are students.
A) All men are weird
B) Some men are weird
C) Some men 'who are weird are students
D) None ofthe options
3) People who know Sanskrit also know Malayalam. People who don't know
Malayalam know Kannada.
A) People who don't know Sanskrit and Malayalam, know Kannada
B) People who don't know Malayalam or Sanskrit, Know Kannada
C) Both A and B
D) None of the options
Directions for Questions 4 & 5: Assuming the statement given in each
Question to be true, choose the inference as one of the following:
(A). True
(B). False
(C) Uncertain
(D) None of the options
4) Statement: All others, apart from Persian men are not intelligent.
Inference: All Persians are intelligent.
A) A
B) B
C) C
5) Statement: All that glitters is not gold.
Inference: Some things which glitter are not gold.
A) A
B) B
C) C
Directions for Questions 6 & 7: Which of the given options logically
follows the given statement?
6) None of the people from America have knowledge about Indian Villages.
a) Alberto has knowledge about Indian Villages.
b) Alberto doesn't have knowledge about Indian Villages.
c) Alberto is not an American
d) Alberto is an American
A) ad and cb
B) ca and bd
C) ac and db
D) None of the options
7) I am at my paying guest accommodation if I am not in the office.
a) I am at my paying guest accommodation.
b) I am at my office.
c) I am not at paying guest accommodation.
d) I am not at my office.
A) cb
B) ad
C) cd
D) None of the options
Directions for Questions 8 & 9: In the following questions, mark
1) if statement I alone can help determine the conclusion
2) if statement II alone can help determine the conclusion
3) if statement I and II taken together can help determine the conclusion
4) if none of the statements, taken together or separately. Can help
determine the conclusion
8) Conclusion: An identity card needs to be provided for a Person to
open an account in HDFC bank.
Statement I: Every bank has certain formalities that must be completed
in order to open an account in the bank.
Statement II: Josh was unable to open an account in HDFC bank because
he did notproduce an identity card.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
9) Conclusions: Matt leaves office everyday only when he finishes his work.
Statement I: Matt has finished his work.
Statement II: Matt left for the day soon after he finished his work.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Directions for Questions 10 & 13: Read the following information and
answer the questions that follow:
Brad Pitt owns four companies, namely Mysoft, Cybervision, Twilight
Electricals and Synomach. The following data was obtained for the year
2004-05.
The sales of Mysoft is 4 crores less than the sales of Synomach.
The expense of Cybervision is equal to the profit of Twilight
Electricals and is equal to 7 crores.
Synomach incurred an expense of Rs.14 crores.
The expense of Twilight Electricals is 5 crores more than the profit
of Synomach.
Mysoft sales is 2 crores more than its expense.
The profit of Cybervlsion is 1 crore less than that of Twilight Electricals.
The expense of Synomach is 1 crore more than the sales of Mysoft.
The expense of Synomach is 3 crores less than its sales.
Note: sales. expenses=profit
10) What is the total profit earned by all the four companies during
the year 2004·05?
A) Rs.15 crores
B) Rs.18 crores
C) Rs.17 crores
D) Rs.20 crores
Wednesday, December 14, 2011
AIEEE tips and tricks
source:http://www.sify.com/news/aieee-tips-and-tricks-news-education-lmbsmDfibfj.html
Have a passion to do engineering studies only in the premier institutions?
Here`s what you can do to achieve that.
1) Know about the rules and procedures of your dream institutions; know about the minimum cut-off marks required to enter these institutions and plan your preparation strategies accordingly!
2) Three major concepts are inevitable and hence, creating a balance between them would yield the goal - Time, Speed and Idea! All the three bear the same weight; hence practise these concepts, while preparing for your exams.
Important tips to accomplish the AIEEE:
3) Don`t envision the AIEEE as a mere entrance exam; perceive the same as a process, via which you will enhance your knowledge. Such an attitude would help in reducing stress; optimizing ideas and motivating energy.
4) Try to relate important formulas to real life situations, or favorable situations. This would be an easy way of recalling the formulae; especially during the exam.
5) It would be appropriate to speed up your calculation methodologies; to enable this, do mental calculations always. This could save time, which would otherwise be wasted in flipping additional sheets for calculation; one could save up to 20% time on this.
6) Allocate the three-hour timings appropriately as in the time for filling up the front page; time to revise the questions; maximum time taken to answer the questions.
7) Calculate the risks involved in getting a question wrong; if, for every wrong answer, one-fourth of the total marks is deducted, calculate the maximum number of questions that you could go wrong at; this is a very significant calculation, as it would create a caution regarding the impact of wrong answers.
8) Prioritize the questions as the question paper contains easy, average and difficult questions. It would be better to attend the average and difficult questions at the start of the paper, as at the later stages there may not be sufficient time left on hand to spend on such questions!
9) Don`t get misled by assumptions; try all possible means of solutions to a specific problem. Practise such strategies while preparing for the exam.
10) Take time to read the questions; don`t have stereotypes about the questions; they may have a twist!
11) List the different categories of questions, like conventional type questions, formula type questions, practical type questions, theoretical type questions, reasoning type questions, etc. and find out your strong and weak areas and allocate time appropriately!
12) Prepare according to the syllabus specifications, for example, in the physics paper, there are two sections `A` and `B`; section `A` consists of theory part, which bears 80% weightage and section `B` comprises practical part, which bears 20% weightage. Thus in this case, more focus has to be given to the theoretical part to ensure maximum marks.
Cracking the AIEEE requires faith in yourself, besides hard work and passion! Regular planning, a sound mind and a good balance between the body and mind would fetch you the desirable results!
Have a passion to do engineering studies only in the premier institutions?
Here`s what you can do to achieve that.
1) Know about the rules and procedures of your dream institutions; know about the minimum cut-off marks required to enter these institutions and plan your preparation strategies accordingly!
2) Three major concepts are inevitable and hence, creating a balance between them would yield the goal - Time, Speed and Idea! All the three bear the same weight; hence practise these concepts, while preparing for your exams.
Important tips to accomplish the AIEEE:
3) Don`t envision the AIEEE as a mere entrance exam; perceive the same as a process, via which you will enhance your knowledge. Such an attitude would help in reducing stress; optimizing ideas and motivating energy.
4) Try to relate important formulas to real life situations, or favorable situations. This would be an easy way of recalling the formulae; especially during the exam.
5) It would be appropriate to speed up your calculation methodologies; to enable this, do mental calculations always. This could save time, which would otherwise be wasted in flipping additional sheets for calculation; one could save up to 20% time on this.
6) Allocate the three-hour timings appropriately as in the time for filling up the front page; time to revise the questions; maximum time taken to answer the questions.
7) Calculate the risks involved in getting a question wrong; if, for every wrong answer, one-fourth of the total marks is deducted, calculate the maximum number of questions that you could go wrong at; this is a very significant calculation, as it would create a caution regarding the impact of wrong answers.
8) Prioritize the questions as the question paper contains easy, average and difficult questions. It would be better to attend the average and difficult questions at the start of the paper, as at the later stages there may not be sufficient time left on hand to spend on such questions!
9) Don`t get misled by assumptions; try all possible means of solutions to a specific problem. Practise such strategies while preparing for the exam.
10) Take time to read the questions; don`t have stereotypes about the questions; they may have a twist!
11) List the different categories of questions, like conventional type questions, formula type questions, practical type questions, theoretical type questions, reasoning type questions, etc. and find out your strong and weak areas and allocate time appropriately!
12) Prepare according to the syllabus specifications, for example, in the physics paper, there are two sections `A` and `B`; section `A` consists of theory part, which bears 80% weightage and section `B` comprises practical part, which bears 20% weightage. Thus in this case, more focus has to be given to the theoretical part to ensure maximum marks.
Cracking the AIEEE requires faith in yourself, besides hard work and passion! Regular planning, a sound mind and a good balance between the body and mind would fetch you the desirable results!
Tuesday, December 13, 2011
Caltech sets 186Gbps internet speed record...!
computer scientists from Caltech and the University of Victoria have
broken the world record for sustained, computer-to-computer transfer
over a network. Between the SuperComputing 2011 (SC11) convention in
Seattle and the University of Victoria Computer Centre, Canada — a
distance of 134 miles (217km) — a transfer rate of 186 gigabits per
second was achieved over a 100Gbps bidirectional fiber optic link;
98Gbps in one direction, 88Gbps in the other.
At first blush, when you remember that scientists have transferred
terabits per second over fiber optics, you might question the veracity
of this world record. In those cases, though, the transfers were done
over private networks under laboratory/testbed conditions — Caltech
and the University of Victoria set their virtual land speed record
over a standard, commercially-available 100Gbps link. Furthermore, the
scientists didn't simply shoot data down the pipe and into the digital
ether, which is relatively easy — there were computers on either end
of the link!
source:http://www.extremetech.com/computing/108731-caltech-sets-186gbps-internet-speed-record
Friday, December 9, 2011
9 Powerful Awk Built-in Functions for Numeric
9 Powerful Awk Built-in Functions for Numeric
awk also has lot of built-in functions for numeric, string, input, and ouput operations. Awk has the following three types of high level built-in function categories.
- Built-in functions for numeric operations
- Built-in functions for String operations
- Built-in functions for Input Output operations
In this article, we will review awk Numeric built-in functions.
1. Awk int(n) Function
int() function gives you the integer part of the given argument. This produces the lowest integer part of given n. n is any number with or with out floating point. If you give the whole number as an argument, this function returns the same. For floating point number, it truncates.
Example
$ awk 'BEGIN{ print int(3.534); print int(4); print int(-5.223); print int(-5); }' 3 4 -5 -52. Awk log(n) Function
log() function provides natural logarithmic of given argument n. log() returns logarithm value only when n is positive number. If you give any invalid number (even negative) it throws an error.
Example
$ awk 'BEGIN{ print log(12); print log(0); print log(1); print log(-1); }' 2.48491 -inf 0 nanIn the above output you can identify that log(0) is infinity which was shown as -inf, and log(-1) gives you the error nan (Not a Number)
3. Awk sqrt(n) Function
sqrt function gives the positive square root for the given integer n. This function also accepts the positive number, and it returns nan error if you give the negative number as an argument.
Example
$ awk 'BEGIN{ print sqrt(16); print sqrt(0); print sqrt(-12); }' 4 0 nan4. Awk exp(n) Function
exp function provides e to the power of n.
Example
$ awk 'BEGIN{ print exp(123434346); print exp(0); print exp(-12); }' inf 1 6.14421e-06In the above output, for exp(1234346), it gives you the output infinity, because this is out of range.
5. Awk sin(n) Function
sin() function gives sine value of n, with n in radians.
Example
$ awk 'BEGIN { print sin(90); print sin(45); }' 0.893997 0.8509046. Awk cos(n) Function
cos() returns cosine value of n, with n in radians.
Example
$ awk 'BEGIN { print cos(90); print cos(45); }' -0.448074 0.5253227. Awk atan2(m,n) Function
This function gives you the arc-tangent of m/n in radians.
Example
$ awk 'BEGIN { print atan2(30,45); }' 0.5880038. Awk rand() Function
rand() is used to generate the random number between 0 and 1. It never return 0 and 1. It always returns the value between 0 and 1. Numbers are random with in one awk run, but predictable from run to run. Awk uses some algorithm to generate the random numbers. Since this algorithm is fixed, the numbers are repeatable.
Example
The following example generates 1000 random numbers between 0 to 100 and shows how often each number was used
$cat rand.awk BEGIN { while(i<1000) { n = int(rand()*100); rnd[n]++; i++; } for(i=0;i<=100;i++) { print i,"Occured", rnd[i], "times"; } } $Pasted some of the output of the above script here.
$awk -f rand.awk 0 Occured 6 times 1 Occured 16 times 2 Occured 12 times 3 Occured 6 times 4 Occured 13 times 5 Occured 13 times 6 Occured 8 times 7 Occured 7 times 8 Occured 16 times 9 Occured 9 times 10 Occured 6 times 11 Occured 9 times 12 Occured 17 times 13 Occured 12 times
From the above output, sure that rand() function can generate repeatable numbers very often.
9. Awk srand(n) Function
srand() is used to initialize the random generation with the given argument n. So that whenever the program execution starts, it starts generating the number from n. If no argument is given, it uses the time of the day to generate the seed.
Example. Generate 5 random number starting from 5 to 50
$cat srand.awk BEGIN { #initialize the seed with 5. srand(5); # Totally I want to generate 5 numbers. total=5; #maximum number is 50. max=50; count=0; while(count < total) { rnd = int(rand() * max); if ( array[rnd] == 0 ) { count++; array[rnd]++; } } for ( i=5; i<=max; i++) { if ( array[i] ) print i; } }In this srand.awk, using rand() function, generate the number and multiply with max value to produce the number with the max of 50, and check if the generated random number is already exist in the array, if it does not exist, increment its index and as well as increment loop count. so that it generates 5 number like this and finally in the for loop from minimum number to maximum, and prints the index only which has the value.
Here is the output of the above script
$ awk -f srand.awk 9 15 26 37 39
Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk
Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk, 3rd Edition
Author(s) : Brent Welch
Publication date : Jan 2000
ISBN : 0-13-022028-0
Pages : 832
Publisher : Prentice Hall PTR
Book excerpts:
Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk is meant as a practical guide to help the readers get the most out of Tcl and Tk and avoid some of the frustrations. It assumes that the readers have some programming experience, although they should be able to get by even if they are a complete novice. Knowledge of UNIX shell programming will help, but it is not required.
This book is meant to be useful to the beginner in Tcl as well as the expert. For the beginner and expert alike, a careful study of Chapter 1, Tcl Fundamentals, is recommended. The programming model of Tcl is designed to be simple, but it is different from many programming languages. The model is based on string sub- stitutions, and it is important that you understand it properly to avoid trouble in complex cases. The remainder of the book consists of examples that demonstrate how to use Tcl and Tk productively. For your reference, each chapter has tables that summarize the Tcl commands and Tk widgets they describe.
You are assumed to have some programming experience, although you should be able to get by even if you are a complete novice. Knowledge of UNIX shell programming will help, but it is not required. Where aspects of win-dow systems are relevant, some background information is provided. Chapter 2 describes the details of using Tcl and Tk on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.
View/Download Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk
http://www.beedub.com/book/
source:http://www.freetechbooks.com/practical-programming-in-tcl-and-tk-3rd-edition-t22.html
Author(s) : Brent Welch
Publication date : Jan 2000
ISBN : 0-13-022028-0
Pages : 832
Publisher : Prentice Hall PTR
Book excerpts:
Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk is meant as a practical guide to help the readers get the most out of Tcl and Tk and avoid some of the frustrations. It assumes that the readers have some programming experience, although they should be able to get by even if they are a complete novice. Knowledge of UNIX shell programming will help, but it is not required.
This book is meant to be useful to the beginner in Tcl as well as the expert. For the beginner and expert alike, a careful study of Chapter 1, Tcl Fundamentals, is recommended. The programming model of Tcl is designed to be simple, but it is different from many programming languages. The model is based on string sub- stitutions, and it is important that you understand it properly to avoid trouble in complex cases. The remainder of the book consists of examples that demonstrate how to use Tcl and Tk productively. For your reference, each chapter has tables that summarize the Tcl commands and Tk widgets they describe.
You are assumed to have some programming experience, although you should be able to get by even if you are a complete novice. Knowledge of UNIX shell programming will help, but it is not required. Where aspects of win-dow systems are relevant, some background information is provided. Chapter 2 describes the details of using Tcl and Tk on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.
View/Download Practical Programming in Tcl and Tkhttp://www.beedub.com/book/
source:http://www.freetechbooks.com/practical-programming-in-tcl-and-tk-3rd-edition-t22.html
Wednesday, December 7, 2011
University of Hyderabad Departments and Centers
University of Hyderabad Departments and Centers
The University of Hyderabad, highly reputed university in India has
several schools, centers and departments of study under it's purview.
The University, much popular as HCU, is offering variety of PG and
Advanced PG diploma courses apart from its rigorous focus on research
activity. University of Hyderabad was established on 2nd October 1974
as a Central University and completely funded by the University Grants
Commission. The Hyderabad University has been growing rapidly in these
days as it was recognized as center of excellence and also accredited
with five star status by NAAC.
The University of Hyderabad, highly reputed university in India has
several schools, centers and departments of study under it's purview.
The University, much popular as HCU, is offering variety of PG and
Advanced PG diploma courses apart from its rigorous focus on research
activity. University of Hyderabad was established on 2nd October 1974
as a Central University and completely funded by the University Grants
Commission. The Hyderabad University has been growing rapidly in these
days as it was recognized as center of excellence and also accredited
with five star status by NAAC.
Hyderabad Central University is located at the distance for 20 kms
from main city of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. But the area surrounding
the University has become c crowdy these day with growing population
and spread of population into outskirts of the city. The university
focuses on interdisciplinary studies and research in all the
disciplines and centers. The University is located in the Old Bombay
road and spread in 2000 acres of greenery. The Central University of
Hyderabad also has a city campus named The Golden Threshold, which is
a residence of the late Sarojini Naidu. Following are details of
Schools of Study, Departments and Centers of Study in University of
Hyderabad:
Schools of Study in University of Hyderabad
1) School of Mathematics and Computer and Information Sciences
2) School of Life Sciences
3) Sarojini Naidu School of Arts and Communication
4) School of Humanities
5) School of Management Studies
6) School of Social Sciences
7) School of Physics
8) School of Chemistry
9) School of Medical Sciences
10) School of Engineering Sciences and Technology
The Schools of Chemistry, Management Studies, Physics, and Engineering
Sciences and Technology are single discipline schools. They offer only
one discipline or subject or course in the concerned school. All other
schools are multi-department schools and offer different subjects and
courses. Following are details of Departments or Centers of Study in
University of Hyderabad:
1) The School of Mathematics and Computer or Information Sciences:
a) Department of Mathematics and Statistics
b) Department of Computer and Information Sciences
2) The School of Life Sciences:
a) Department of Biochemistry
b) Department of Plant Sciences
c) Department of Animal Sciences
d) Department of Biotechnology
e) UoH DBT Center for Research and Education in Biology and
Biotechnology (CREBB)
3) The School of Humanities:
a) Department of English
b) Department of Telugu
c) Center for the Study of Foreign Languages
d) Department of Philosophy
e) Center for Comparative Literature
f) Department of Hindi
g) Center for Applied Linguistics & Translation Studies
h) Department of Urdu
i) Department of Sanskrit Studies
j) Center for English Language Studies
4) The School of Social Sciences:
a) Department of Political Science
b) Department of Anthropology
c) Department of Sociology
d) Department of Economics
e) Department of History
f) Center for Regional Studies
g) Center for the Study of Indian Diaspora
h) Center for Folk Culture Studies
i) Center for Human Rights
j) Center for Knowledge, Culture & Innovation Studies
k) Center for Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy
l) Center for Gandhian Economic Thought
5) The S.N. School of Arts and Communication:
a) Department of Communication
b) Department of Theatre Arts
c) Department of Dance
d) Department of Fine Arts
6) The School of Medical Sciences has the following Center: Center for
Physical Fitness and Sports Sciences
7) Other Centers offering Academic Programmes:
a) Center for Integrated Studies (CIS)
b) Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM)
c) University Center for Earth and Space Sciences (UCESS)
d) Center for Neural and Cognitive Sciences
e) Center for Health Psychology
f) Center for Buddhist Studies
g) Center for Women's Studies
h) Center for Modelling Simulation and Design (CMSD)
All the above schools, centers and departments of the University are
located in the main campus at Gachibowli, Hyderabad. Financial support
is being offered by UGC for various centers under Special Assistance
Programme. The University has produced good number of Ph.D. as the
emphasis is on research programmes. It is estimated that out of total
number of students, about 30 percent will be research scholars. 32
percent of students are women candidates. The unique feature of the
university is that it has more professors than associate professors
and assistant professors.
M.Tech in University of Hyderabad
M.Tech in University of Hyderabad
Hyderabad Central University (HCU) offer various Postgraduate,
Advanced PG Diploma, PG Diploma, 5 Year Integrated Master's and
Research Programmes in all major subjects of Sciences, Humanities,
Social Sciences, Performing Arts, Fine Arts, Communication and
Management Studies. The university also offer programmes related to
health sciences and engineering. Admission to all the schools and
departments and thier programmes will be through an All India entrance
examination to be conducted during May - June every year. Candidates
should have prescribed qualifications irrespective of their race,
creed, language, caste or sex. Admission to all the courses will be
through merit in entrance examination except for following courses:
Hyderabad Central University (HCU) offer various Postgraduate,
Advanced PG Diploma, PG Diploma, 5 Year Integrated Master's and
Research Programmes in all major subjects of Sciences, Humanities,
Social Sciences, Performing Arts, Fine Arts, Communication and
Management Studies. The university also offer programmes related to
health sciences and engineering. Admission to all the schools and
departments and thier programmes will be through an All India entrance
examination to be conducted during May - June every year. Candidates
should have prescribed qualifications irrespective of their race,
creed, language, caste or sex. Admission to all the courses will be
through merit in entrance examination except for following courses:
1) M.Tech CS / AI / IT: Admission will be based on ranks in GATE
Examination in Computer Science and Information Technology. University
will not conduct any written test for this courses.
2) M.Tech. IC Technology: Candidates will be shortlisted for this
course based on GATE scores in the papers of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Instrumentation Engineering and Physics.
3) M.Tech. Computational Techniques: Candidates will be selected based
on GATE scores and interviews. UGC-CSIR NET for JRF qualified
candidates also will be considered.
4) M.Tech. Bioinformatics: Candidates will be short listed for
interviews based on their ranks in GATE in the subjects of
Biotechnology – BT, Chemistry – CY, Mathematics - MA, Physics – PH,
Agricultural Engineering – AG, Electronics and Communication
Engineering – EC; Computer Science and Information Technology – CS and
Chemical Engineering – CH. Half of the seats will be filled with
candidates other than Biotechnology background.
All the candidates for willing to join in PG and Diploma courses
offered in University of Hyderabad must have completed their
graduation of 3 years duration. The university also accepts two year
graduation courses if the candidates has undergone bridge course of
one year after completion of such course. Students admitted in any
regular course are not allowed to pursue any other course except part
time evening Certificate or Diploma Course of a Professional nature.
This will be allowed with prior permission of the School or Department
or Centre concerned of the University. Candidates should not take up
any employment during the course.
Friday, December 2, 2011
Faculty jobs in NIT Jalandhar
Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar invites applications from qualified Indian Nationals for the faculty positions at the level of Professor, Associate Professors and Assistant professors in the various departments of the Institute :
How to Apply : Application forms in the prescribed format complete in all respects along with photocopies of certificates, list of publications, reprints of publications and a detailed research plan should reach to The Registrar, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar-144011, Punjab, India on or before 15/12/2011.
For more detailed information and application format, please visit http://www.nitj.ac.in/index.php/faculty
- Professor : 14 posts, Pay Scale : Rs.37400-67000 AGP Rs.10000
- Associate Professor : 34 posts, Pay Scale : Rs.37400-67000 AGP Rs.9000
- Assistant Professor : 55 posts, Pay Scale : Rs.15600-39100 AGP Rs.6000/-
- Assistant Professor on contract basis for 3 years in the pay scale of Rs.15600-39100 AGP Rs.6000/-
How to Apply : Application forms in the prescribed format complete in all respects along with photocopies of certificates, list of publications, reprints of publications and a detailed research plan should reach to The Registrar, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar-144011, Punjab, India on or before 15/12/2011.
For more detailed information and application format, please visit http://www.nitj.ac.in/index.php/faculty
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